Code: F7ABOBV Binocular Vision
Lecturer:  Weekly load: 2P+4C Completion: A, EX
Department: 17101 Credits: 7 Semester: W
Description:
This course builds on courses dealing with refraction of the eye and visual functions. Topics include: theory of binocular vision and conditions of its origin, development of visual functions, disorders of binocular vision, practical examination of binocular vision, heterophoria and fixation disparity, relationship of accommodation and vergence, vergence disorders and visual training.
Contents:
1) Definition of binocular vision, stages of BV, development of BV, anatomical and physiological conditions
2) Oculomotorics, sensory conditions of BV, Panum space, fusion, stereopsis
3) Examination of motility, cover tests
4) BV disorders - heterotropia, heterophoria, anomalous retinal correspondence
5) Other binocular imbalance conditions - suppression, alternans, amblyopia, aniseikonia
6) Diplopia - monocular, binocular
7) Ocular dominance - directional, sensory
8) Dissociation tests - principle, introduction of tests
9) Detection of heterophoria, fixation disparity
10) Heterophoria correction rules
11) Prism - principle and use, prismatic decentration effect
12) Binocular near vision, relationship between accommodation and vergence
13) Visual training
14) Case studies
Seminar contents:
1) Practical verification of the skills of distance refraction, refractive and accommodative balancing
2) Participation in a screening and representation event on Sight Day
3) Examination of motility, masking tests, dominance tests
4) Aniseikonia - detection, quantification
5) Maddox distance and near test, Bagolini glasses, von Graefe prism
6) Prism strips, practical work with prisms, counting and graphical methods, decentration
7) Binocular tests - disorders of binocular balance
8) Binocular tests - compensated and uncompensated heterophoria
9) MKH methodology
10) Accommodations and vergence - near point of accommodation, accommodative width, near point of convergence
11) Binocular tests at near
12) Binocular vision testing using a phoropter
13) Making aids and practicing visual training - accommodation and vergence facilitation, "free space" tests
14) Crediting

Task list:
1) Complete refraction of client (obj. refraction, subj. refraction - visus naturalis, monocular refraction, accommodative balancing, right infinity test, near and intermediate distance correction, determination of eye dominance)
2) Basic screening tests to detect binocular vision anomalies (masking tests, motility tests)
3) Detection of aniseikonia - rectangle (hook) test, detection of the size of aniseikonia - New Away test
4) Basic tests for evaluation of binocular vision anomalies. Anaglyph tests - Schober, Worth, Maddox - distance and near (Thorington card).
5) Basic tests to evaluate binocular vision anomalies (von Graefe prism - far and near - Howell card)
6) Basic tests to evaluate heterophoria (polarization - MKH methodology)
7) Basic tests to evaluate heterophoria (polarization - Mallett test)
8) Fusion Reserves - working with prismatic rails
9) Accommodations and vergence - near point of accommodation, acom. width, near point of convergence, AC/A ratio, anti-correction
10) Prescription of prismatic correction, recommendation of solutions - final protocol
11) Vision training, vergence and accommodation facilitation, fabrication of aids
Recommended literature:
[1] SCHEIMAN, M., WICK, B., Clinical Management of Binocular Vision: Heterophoric, Accommodative, and Eye Movement Disorders, ed. 4., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014, 752 s., ISBN: 978-1-45117-525-7.
[2] BENJAMIN, W. J., Borish's Clinical Refraction, ed. 2., Butterworth-Heinemann-Elsevier, 2006, 1694 s., ISBN: 978-0-7506-7524-6.
[3] EVANS, B.J.W., Picwell?s binocular vision anomalies, ed. 5., Elsevier, 2007, 454 s., ISBN: 0-7506-8897-1.

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