Description:

Basic knowledges about refraction of the eye. Techniques of the subjective refraction perform testing frame or the phoropter.Techniques of the examination near vision.

Contents:

1. Optotypes, examination distance, history, observation, symptoms, refraction chart, examination procedure
2. Examination rim, vertex distance, pupillary distance, rim vs. foropter, rules of monocular refraction
3. Advantages and disadvantages of objective refraction, use of objective refraction values
4. Determination and procedure for measuring hypermetropia, best sphere, haze
5. Detection and measurement procedure of myopia, best sphere
6. Jackson's cylinder - determining the axis of astigmatism, determining the magnitude of astigmatism
7 .Alternative methods of measuring astigmatism
8. Sphere check, fine spherical correction, red-green monocular test
9. Accommodative balancing - Humphriss test, bichromatic polarization tests, line test
10. Near point of accommodation, accommodative width
11. Basics of near and intermediate refraction, addition
12. Classification of ocular dominance, tests for ocular dominance
13. Infinity check, tolerance test, recording values
14. Case reports

Seminar contents:

1. History, observation, symptoms, presentation of optotypes, all
2. Examination rim, pupillary distance, vertex distance, examination distance, refraction card
3. Detection and measurement of hypermetropia, haze, best sphere
4. Detection and measurement of myopia, best sphere
5. Working with Jackson's cylinder
6. Determining the axis and magnitude of astigmatism using Jackson's crossed cylinder
7. Examination of astigmatism - the fogging method
8. Sphere check, fine spherical correction, CZ monocular test
9. Humphriss method of accommodative balance
10. Near point of accommodation, accommodative width
11. Examination of refraction at near and intermediate distance, addition
12. Tests for ocular dominance, use of ocular dominance
13. Infinity check, tolerance test, recording of values
14. Final refraction

Recommended literature:

[1] BENJAMIN, W.J. Borish's Clinical Refraction, ed. 2., Butterworth-Heinemann-Elsevier, 2006, 1694 s., ISBN: 978-0-7506-7524-6
[2] DIETZE, H. Die optometrische Untersuchung, ed. 1., Georg Thieme Verlag, 2008, 307 s., ISBN: 9783131422316
[3] DOSHI, S., HARVEY, W., Eye Essentials: Assessment & Investigative Techniques, ed. 1., Elsevier, 2005, 186 s., ISBN: 978-0-7506-8853-6

Abbreviations used:

Semester:

• W ... winter semester (usually October - February)
• S ... spring semester (usually March - June)
• W,S ... both semesters

Mode of completion of the course:

• A ... Assessment (no grade is given to this course but credits are awarded. You will receive only P (Passed) of F (Failed) and number of credits)
• GA ... Graded Assessment (a grade is awarded for this course)
• EX ... Examination (a grade is awarded for this course)
• A, EX ... Examination (the award of Assessment is a precondition for taking the Examination in the given subject, a grade is awarded for this course)

Weekly load (hours per week):

• P ... lecture
• C ... seminar
• L ... laboratory
• R ... proseminar
• S ... seminar